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Pope Gregory III ((ラテン語:Gregorius III); died 28 November 741) was Pope from 11 February 731 to his death in 741. His pontificate, like that of his predecessor, was disturbed by the iconoclastic controversy in the Byzantine Empire, and by the ongoing advance of the Lombards, in which he invoked the intervention of Charles Martel, although ultimately in vain. He was the last non-European Pope until the election of Pope Francis in 2013, which was 1,272 years later. ==Iconoclasm and internal church issues== Gregory was the son of a Syrian named John.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 He was elected pope by popular acclamation on 11 February 731, but was not formally consecrated as Bishop of Rome until 18 March,〔Mann, p. 204〕 after having received the approval of the Byzantine exarch in Ravenna. He was the last pope to seek the exarch’s ratification of a papal election.〔Levillain, p. 643〕 Upon his accession as pope, Gregory immediately appealed to the Byzantine Emperor Leo III to moderate his position on the iconoclastic controversy. When Gregory's representative was arrested on the orders of the emperor, Gregory called a synod in November 731, which condemned iconoclasm outright.〔Treadgold, p. 354; Mann, p. 205〕 Leo responded by trying to bring the Pope under control, although the fleet he sent to enforce the imperial will was shipwrecked in the Adriatic Sea.〔Levillain, p. 644; Mann, p. 206〕 He then proceeded to appropriate papal territories in Sicily and Calabria, and transferred ecclesiastical jurisdictions in the former Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum to the Patriarch of Constantinople.〔Duffy, p. 64; Mann, p. 207〕 However, his attempt to force the Duke of Naples to enforce an imperial decree to confiscate papal territory in the duchy failed, as the duke was supportive of the pope’s stand.〔Mann, p. 208〕 Gregory, in the meantime, demonstrated his opposition to iconoclasm by emphasising his veneration of icons and relics. He repaired or beautified numerous churches, which involved their decoration with icons and images of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary and the saints.〔Mann, pp. 208-209〕 He ordered to be erected in the heart of St. Peter’s Basilica an ''iconostasis'', situated between six onyx and marble columns which had been sent to Gregory as a gift from the exarch Eutychius.〔Duffy, p. 63; Mann, p. 210〕 He built a new oratory in St. Peter's Basilica to house the relics of a number of saints, convoking a synod in 732 in order to regulate the prayers and masses to be said there.〔Mann, p. 209〕 Gregory was an enthusiastic supporter of monasticism; he established the monastery of St. Chrysogonus and rebuilt the hospice of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, near St. Peter's, endowing it for the support of the poor.〔Mann, pp. 210-211〕 A temporary lull in the conflict between the Byzantines and the Lombards allowed Gregory to deal with some longstanding internal issues, in particular the ongoing jurisdictional dispute between the Patriarchs of Grado and Aquileia. Although the Synod of 731 had adjudicated in this matter in favour of Grado, Gregory was forced to reprimand the Patriarch of Aquileia, Calixtus, who had attempted to gain possession of the Island of Barbana from Grado’s jurisdiction.〔Mann, pp. 211-212〕 In 731, he approved the election of Tatwine, Archbishop of Canterbury, who came to Rome in person to ask for the pallium. Gregory approved of the election of his successor, Nothhelm, while in 735 he agreed to the claims of the King of Northumbria, Ceolwulf of Northumbria, that Egbert the Bishop of York should be elevated to the rank of Archbishop.〔Mann, pp. 212-213〕 Gregory promoted the Church in northern Europe. He supported the continuing mission of Saint Boniface in Germany, elevating him to the rank of archbishop of Germany in 732; and, after a personal visit to Rome from Boniface in 737, where he was meant to attend a synod which does not appear to have been held,〔Mann, p. 214〕 Gregory made Boniface a Papal legate in Germany, and asked him to reorganize the Episcopal sees in Germany.〔Levillain, p. 644〕 Gregory sent Boniface back to Bavaria with three letters. One commanded the bishops and higher ecclesiastical officers to provide Boniface with as much help as they could. A second was addressed to the nobles and people of Germany, urging them to obey Boniface. A third, addressed to the bishops in Alamannia and Bavaria, confirmed Boniface’s status as the papal ''vicarus'', ordering them to assemble in a council twice a year at Augsburg under Boniface’s authority.〔Mann, pp. 214-215〕 Gregory promoted the mission of Willibald in Bohemia. In 732, Gregory banned the consumption of horse meat, both domestic and wild, anathematizing it as an "abomination" since it was associated with pagan ritual feasting.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pope Gregory III」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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